失败的作业

我们的学校有一个非常重要的作业。这个作业非常重要。 它将分成四个步骤做。第一个步骤就是需要写一个短短的几段句子， 说明我们将要做的标题。第二个步骤便是要写一个两千多个字的报告。第三个步骤便是要把这份报告简短化， 然后把内容和设计打理好，印在海报上。 最后一个步骤就是要将这份海报拿到考官面前，然后需要在考官面前演讲一遍关于我们所搜集的资料。

这些步骤可不是马上就能完成的。我可是花了好几个月才把这个作业办好。


演讲当天...

到了演讲那一天，我非常紧张。当天我差一点迟到了，幸好巴士准时抵达车站，否则我可能就要花上好多钱他计程车了。

在巴士里，我的心跳得非常快。 我好担心这个作业到底会不会做得好。 在巴士里， 我一直不停的阅读印在纸上的相关资料， 然后一直背着死板板的字， 读了又读， 几乎都忘了在这一个小时的车程里，到底来回阅读了多少遍。

终于到了校外。 我看了一下手表， 演讲的时间只剩下五分钟就开始了。我立刻加快了脚步， 每走几步都会瞄一下手表上的时间。这个学校虽然外表上看起来并不是很大，不过在校内走起来还真是比想象中还要大很多。

终于到了考场了。 考试的地点是在一间课室里。我从课室的窗口往里头望。 我看见了一个熟悉的面孔。里面有一位考生正是我以前的同班同学。 当时他已经开始演讲了。见他有一副非常有信心有把握的样子， 直挺挺的站在三位老师的面前演讲， 这使得我的心里更加害怕， 更加紧张。因为我一向来都是不擅长演讲的人，而这间学校却偏偏要我们天天在办理演讲。这种演讲的日子已经快过两年了，不过我始终还是对演讲很不习惯。

“喂！KY！”。 我的背后突然有人叫起了我的名字。我转头一看，一个熟悉的身影正朝向我走来。原来是以前曾经和我同班的一位同学。

我们于是便在课室的门口聊了起来。他告诉我说他自己今天也需要演讲， 而且正好也适合我同一班。我听了之后， 心里喜了起来。至少我有一个伴， 那么即使是上黄泉也不觉得寂寞了。

几分钟后， 一位满面杂頾的考官向我们走来。他的年纪看似二十多岁，身材矮小，穿着一件白色的上班族上衣。他的样子真是令人觉得讨厌， 尤其是他那满面胡子， 使他样子显得脏兮兮， 越看越叫人反胃。又不是子孙满堂了， 却要留着密密麻麻的杂頾， 我看这个人八成是还没嫁人， 因为女生只要看见他的杂頾， 都吓得退十公里了。

踏进了考场后，我的心跳得更加厉害， 几乎都快跳出来了。那位原本还在演讲的那位同学还没结束演讲。他仍然保持一副信心十足的样子。老师叫我把我的海报贴在墙上。那位即将和我一起“死”的那位同学也同样的需要把海报给贴上。

当我们在贴海报的时候， 那位正在演讲的同学突然进了下来。 课室突然变得很冷静， 连我手表上秒针跳动的声音都可以清楚地听见。那位同学终于被难倒了。我的心里暗喜了起来，因为我平常在班里演讲的时候都是这副德性， 演讲到了一半， 老师突然出了难题，我便愣在那里了。其实我愣着并不是在思考，因为在演讲的时候， 我的脑袋因为紧张过度，连一点思考的能力也没有了，所以每当老师一问我问题，我通常都是假装思考，然后假装不懂。 当我同组的组员见到我“苦思无成果”的表情后，便会帮我回答老师问我的题目。既然老师也没限制一定要我回答， 所以我“利用”一下他们也没关系。

不过在今天， 这一招已经用不着了。 因为演讲的只有我一个， 所以全都只靠我自己的嘴， 全靠我自己的傻脑袋。

那位和我同一时间演讲的同学所印的海报是两张超大张的海报，而我的是八张中型海报。 他的海报只有两张，所以一下子便都贴好了。 可我的八张海报却得贴上老半天才能贴好。我还没贴好第七张的时候， 那位胡子老师已经站在我身后等我了。 于是我便故意贴慢一些， 因为心里实在是非常害怕。 不过即使再贴怎么慢，终究还是需要演讲。

终于贴好了。 胡子老师马上便走过来，叫我立刻开始。 这个死胡子老师，连我呼吸的时间都没有， 就要我开始了。

故事未完成。。。

Stupid school

Today morning, as I am taking bus to come to school, there is a big traffic jam. So I arrived late to school.

After arriving at school, I ran to class, hoping that I am not late. As I am on my way to class, I meet some of my classmates. I thought that they are skipping school, so I did not care about them and continue to walk back into class.

Then, they noticed me, and they called me up. To be honest, I actually do not know that they are my classmates for today's lesson, because I am really confused. I have 4 different days all in 4 different classes, and I get very confused too.

They told me that the classroom did not have anyone, and they told me that it is lab lesson.

At this point, I am shocked. The reason is because neither our teachers nor the announcements had inform me that there is lab today.

So I followed them to the lab. It is true. There really is lab. The teacher do not let us in of course, because we do not have our lab coats with us. Moreover, I do not even know that there is lab today.

Our teacher want us to go to the bookshop to buy a "wet market" lab coat. (No lunch for today anymore.)

At first, I am thinking of skipping school. But just as I am trying to tell the group of classmates, they already buy that "wet market" costume for me. I have no choice, so I have to wear that lab coat, and go into lab, and get laughed by other classmates.

If not for today's test after school, I would have gone out of this school. I do not have any money to eat lunch anymore, as I have to pay for the girl who buy this "wet market" lab coat for me. :(

Why you want the Garmin-Asus G60 or M20?

G60

Functions:

Location-based Life

1) find navigation at the core of the device.

2) Location information is included in email, SMS, photo sharing, social networking and more!

No matter where you are – or where you're going – you'll always have the information you need right at your fingertips. :)

Everything you need

1) Great features and user experience that have made Garmin the global leader in satellite navigation.

2) With voice prompted turn-by-turn directions that speaks street names, onboard maps and millions of points of interest (POIs).

3) Make sure you have all the tools you need for life on the go, the nüvifone G60 integrates a quad-band GSM phone with 3.5G data connectivity, a Webkit-based Internet browser, personal messaging, Wi-Fi, stereo Bluetooth and Garmin's proven personal navigation functionality.

Connect

1) Quad-band 2G, tri-band 3G for voice and high-speed wireless Internet

2) Wi-Fi b/g with WPA encryption

3) Desktop web experience with full HTML browser

4) Location-based applications, including real-time traffic information, gas prices, flight times, weather, White Pages and local search

Communicate

1) Geo-tagged SMS, email and photo sharing

2) Ciao!™ Location-based Social Networking platform that integrates compatible social networks into one easy-to-use interface

3) Large screen with portrait and landscape view of each screen and virtual QWERTY keyboard on touchscreen

Navigate

1) Industry-leading Garmin navigation experience, with voice-prompted, turn-by-turn directions that speaks street names

2) Optimized for automobile use with included car mount

3) One-step navigation from contacts, email and local search results

4) "Where am I?" safety feature displays your current address and nearest police, hospital and fuel services in one click

5) Pedestrian mode for in-hand navigation

M20

Business Meets Pleasure

Business meets pleasure with the stylish-yet-powerful nüvifone M20. Featuring Windows Mobile Pro, the nüvifone M20 was created for on-the-go professionals. This sleek mobile handset packs lots of great features in a compact design so you'll have everything you need to get more done in less time.

Connect

1) HSPA DL: 7.2 Mbps UL: 2.0 Mbps, Tri-band EDGE/GPRS/GSM, dual-band UMTS voice and high-speed wireless Internet

2) Wi-Fi b/g with WPA encryption

3) Desktop web experience with full HTML browser

4) Location-based applications, including real-time traffic information, gas prices, flight times, weather, White Pages and Google Local search

Communicate

1) Geo-tagged SMS, email and photo sharing

2) Ciao!TM Location-based Social Networking platform that integrates compatible social networks into one easy-to-use interface

3) Large screen with portrait and landscape view of each screen and virtual QWERTY keyboard on touchscreen

Navigate

1) Industry-leading Garmin navigation experience, with voice-prompted, turn-by-turn directions that speaks street names

2) Optimized for automobile use with included car mount

3) One-step navigation from contacts, email and local search results

4) "Where am I?" safety feature displays your current address and nearest police, hospital and fuel services in one click

Be amazed by its mulit-functions.

Grab Yours Today!! :)

头顶一颗珠

一次，神农氏在深山老林采药，被一群毒蛇围住。毒蛇一起向神农氏扑去，有的缠腰，有的缠腿，有的缠脖子，想致神农氏于死地。神农氏寡不敌众，终被咬伤倒地，血流不止，浑身发肿。他忍痛高喊：“西王母，快来救我。”王母娘娘闻听呼声后，立即派青鸟衔着她的一颗救命解毒仙丹在天空中盘旋窥瞰，终于在一片森林里找到了神农氏。毒蛇见到了王母的使者青鸟，都吓得纷纷逃散。
　　青鸟将仙丹喂到神农氏口里，神农氏逐渐从昏迷中清醒。青鸟完成使命后翩然腾云驾雾回归。神农氏感激涕零，高声向青鸟道谢，哪知，一张口，仙丹落地，立刻生根发芽长出一棵青草，草顶上长出一颗红珠。神农氏仔细一看，与仙丹完全一样，放入口中一尝，身上的余痛全消，便高兴地自言自语：“有治毒蛇咬伤的药方了！”于是，给这味草药取名“头顶一颗珠”。后来，药物学家给它命名为“延龄草”。

SDS PAGE

Describe the purpose and process of SDS PAGE. (10 marks)


The purpose of the SDS PAGE is to separate proteins according to their size.
In order to prepare the SDS PAGE, we must firstly add the protein into the SDS using the pipette. The SDS solution is also known as Sodium dodecyl sulfate for its full name. Its function is to make the secondary or teritary structure of the protein to primary structure, and it becomes a linear strand. After putting into the SDS, the protein will be covered with many negative charges. The reason is because before it gets break down into primary structure, it has positive and negative charges. After soaking into the SDS, it becomes negative charges.
After the protein is being inserted into the well, the electric charges will flow through it by opening the switch. The proteins will flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. The reason is because the proteins have strong negativity, and it will therefore get attracted to the positive sides.
After some time, the proteins with different sizes will get stuck at the different locations, therefore we are able to determine the size of it, and telling which is larger and which is smaller.

献媚之行， 奢求之为

品读三国

（一）邓艾破蜀，遣人赴洛阳报捷，修书司马昭：“今可封刘禅为扶风王，赐以资财，供其左右，以显归命之宠。”司马昭览毕，深疑邓艾有自专之心，乃发手书告知：“此事须候奏报，不可辄行。”邓艾忿忿回书：“吾既奉诏专征，当权宜行事，如何阻挡？”司马昭不悦，用计杀邓艾。　　“无规矩不成方圆”，该你干的事你去干，不该你干的事就别去干，有些事最好想都不要想，中国人就认这个理。可怜邓艾一介武夫，不懂这个道理，居然把司马昭的“奉诏专征”当成回事，居大功而不得善终。　　宋朝有个叫曹彬的将军，能征善战。有一次奉命攻城，敌兵将败，曹彬却突然下令停止进攻，诸将不解。他的意思是：之前圣上屡攻此城而不下，我等今日一举拿下，岂不是自己找死。于是，曹彬上奏，皇帝御驾亲征，结果顷刻破城，万民欢腾，龙颜大悦。　　曹彬没有邓艾的功勋大，可他的结果比邓艾好多了，因为他懂规矩。（二）曹操攻徐州，俘吕布。吕布献媚：“布今愿降明公，公为大将，布副之，何愁天下不定？”时刘备在侧，吕布哀求：“公为座上客，布为阶下囚，何不发一言而相救乎？”吕布军中大将张辽怒斥：“吕布匹夫，大丈夫死则死耳，何惧之有。”　　自古以来流传着两句话，“知遇之恩”和“士为知己者死”，可见要想遇一个英明的主子是多么的不易。张辽是个视死如归的汉子，却跟了吕布这么一个贪生怕死的家伙，连死都没有骨气(张辽最后并没被杀，曹操感其人品，收为大将)。　　汉文帝时，晁错忠心耿耿，怀才抱负，堪称一代贤臣，而当吴楚七国向朝廷发难之时，汉文帝却把他给卖了。五代十国，当北汉大将杨继业正与宋军苦战，他的主子北汉王却怀揣着宋朝的官印，前来劝他投降。　　我们有着太多“不遇”的悲哀。所以我们把“知遇”当成了一种奢求，一旦得遇明主，便要肝脑涂地，甚至以死相报。　　一页页史书翻过，我一声声叹息。

奢求 she1 qiu2

过高而难以实现的要求。

献媚 xiàn mèi

为讨好别人而做出使人欢心的姿态、举动。



老爷翰苑蜚声，素羨风流太守；贱妾平康献媚，自惭窈窕佳人。　　明 陈汝元《金莲记·湖赏》

有欲私其仆妇者，仆固黠，令其妻献媚勾引，而终不一任缱绻，主急甚。　　清 采蘅子《虫鸣漫录》

卷二她不想用鲜花向主人献媚，遍身披上刺刀。　　流沙河《草木篇》诗

operon

The lac-operon consists of a operator, gene Z, gene Y, and Gene A.

The repressor protein will be able to bind onto the operator side. After binding onto the operator side, the RNA polymerase will not be able to proceed to read the DNA, and therefore, the DNA will not be transcripted.

In order for the RNA polymerase to be able to transcript the DNA, the lactose will bind onto the repressor, and therefore changing the shape of the repressor, and it will no longer be able to fit onto the operator.

After that, the RNA polymerase is able to proceed into transcripting the DNA without any obstacle blocking.

After transcription, it will form mRNA, and then it will form protein. The gene A codes for beta-galactosidase, which is able to break down lactose to form glucose.

MCB Quiz problem 7

The following reaction involving the breakdown of sugar A occurs in a bacterial cell. The gene that codes for the enzyme is part of an operon.
In an experiment, some of the bacterial cells were cultured in three flasks with 100 mg/ml of sugar A added. In flasks 1 and 2, compounds L and M were added respectively. Nothing was added to flask 3. The following results were obtained.


Concentration of B (mg/ml)

Flask 1
Flask 2
Flask 3

Addition of…
L
M
(nothing)
At 0 minutes

0
0
0
At 40 minutes

110
2
98
At 80 minutes

201
3
100
At 120 minutes

250
5
100



a) Which of the compounds (L or M) might be a gene repressor? Explain your answer. (5 marks)


M. The reason is because the function of the repressor is to stop the DNA from getting transcripted. If the concentration of the B is very less, this means that there are very less proteins present inside the cell, and this could be due to the large amount of repressor. The reason is because large amount of repressor will slow down the transcription process. The DNA will be transcripted to produce the enzymes, and therefore the sugar will be able to break down. Lesser amount of B means that there are also not enough amount of enzymes for breaking, and this shows that the transcription process is being slowed down by the repressor, therefore the translation process is also being slowed down, therefore, the proteins being produced are also lesser, therefore, the amount of B is less.

b) Suggest with explanations what compound L might be. (5 marks)

Compound L increases the production of the B, therefore, it could be the enzyme that breaks down the sugar A.
It can also be a inductor which is able to bind with the repressor, and therefore preventing the repressor from binding onto the operator of the DNA, and therefore, it is able to go through more transcription, and therefore going through more translation, and then, it will be able to produce more enzymes that is able to break down the sugar A into B and C, and therefore, the concentration of B increases.

爱不释手（喜爱到极点而不舍得放手。形容非常喜欢。）

从前有一个读书人，他非常喜欢苏东坡的诗作， 每当抄录到苏东坡的一首诗，便反复吟咏， 爱不释手。

有一天， 他到西湖游玩，偶然间发现一块石壁上面刻有一首诗，题款人是“苏东”。 这一发现， 他高兴得像拾到宝一样，虽然题款的名字少了一个“坡”字，他肯定只是刻石的人漏刻罢了，一定是苏东坡的诗作。

他即刻拿出笔墨纸砚， 把这首诗抄录下来，然后坐在西湖边的石椅上摇头摆脑地吟咏，越吟咏越觉得有味道，越肯定它是苏东坡的作品。

有一个游人看见他这样入迷，便开口向他借来看。

“不！不行！”他生怕那游人来抢， 把手抄本捏得更紧，“我只能念给你听！”

当他把这首诗念完后，游人忽然哈哈大笑， 说道：“你虽然对苏东坡的诗作爱不释手， 但也要分清楚是不是苏东坡的作品啊！ 告诉你吧， 我叫苏东， 和苏东坡一点关系也没有，这首诗是我十年前游西湖时刻的！”

School Project

最近我的学校有一个project。这个project非常重要。如果我们没做的话，就不能毕业了， 可见得他有多么重要。 这个project是需要先在电脑上做，然后再打印出来。打印出来后不是只要交给老师就大功告成了，它还有一个更可怕的一关，就是演讲！

我向来是一个安静又不擅于演讲的人。可是， 这个project却要我在老师的面前演讲，而且不是一个老师，而是三个！面对一个老师我就已经紧张得连屎尿都流出来了， 可是却要在三个老师面前演讲啊。

而且， 我连准备都还没准备好， 都还没开始做，而且又要在这五天内赶着做。其实这个project是所有的二年级学生都必须做的。演讲的阶段一共分成三天，三天里一共分成三批人。而我却偏偏是第一批的“幸运儿”。

我希望我的这个project能够成功地渡过， 那么我就能不用再愁这一关了。

RP negative attitude

In RP, however, everyone will always skip lessons whenever they face difficult problems. I do not like people who are like that. The reason is because they do not consider what other people or what other teammates are facing. If the problem is difficult, that does not means that other teammates do not face the same difficulty. If they just skip lesson like that, this will only let the other teammates facing a more difficult situation. For those people who skip lesson halfway, I think the teachers should give them as F, so that this will teaches them a lesson. With more people, I think that there will be more brains working, there will be more helping hands around for help. Even if the teammates does not do anything as a team, at least he is still able to help out in doing some research or doing the powerpoint slides. Aman who works alone, dies alone. Therefore, in order to do things, it will always be better to have more people helping us. So that whenever we make some mistakes, the other person who knows it better will also correct us, and tell us the correct answer. With more people, we can also exchange the information that we know, or the research that we found out. The reason is because different people will know different things. Like for example, person A knows chemistry very well, person B knows physics very well, and person C knows Biology very well. Together, they are able to provide the information that they know to ech other, and exchange information, and teach each other. In this case, everyone is able to learn something new in the end of the day.Actually, I think students should not skip lessons. If they abandon the other teammates, the teammates can still join the other team for the problem. But the ones who skip, they will not be able to learn new things in the end, because the reason why we come to school is to learn new things. If we do not learn new things, we have no reason of coming to school. If the classmates do not wish to come to school, I think that they should just quit school, because there is no reason for them to come to school and not learn anything.Therefore a good teamwork is very important. When we work hard together, and make a good presentation, we are able to help each other in getting good grades too.

马来人的无情

很久以前， 我的父亲在一间工厂工作。他当时为了赚多一点钱， 便加了夜班。而他第一次加夜班时， 有好几位马来人也在工厂里， 只有我父亲一个华人。另一天早上，有贵重的东西不见了。他们一起联合起来说看见我的父亲偷那个东西。最后丢了饭碗。
你们说我身为他的家人，听见了能不气吗？

在我的班上， 有一个中国学生。他几乎每天都被同班的马来学生欺负。他们取笑他， 作弄他， 推他， 打他。身为华人的我能不气吗？ 如果你们是在新加坡或是在马来西亚， 这种种族之战很普通。虽人不是公开示意，可是却感受得到种族对彼此的不满。 况且，我们华人没有做什么伤天害理的事。事发者通通都是由马来人先开始。

MCB problem 6 quiz

1)

a) A normal cell with no genetic defects was exposed to large amounts of a DNA-damaging chemical (chemical X) for 5 minutes. After a few hours, the cell died. Based on what you had learnt today, account for the death of the cell. (5 marks)


b) Some environmental pollutants (e.g. cigarette smoke) can cause adducts to form on DNA. These are organic molecules that bind to DNA, causing a bulge in the molecule. Suggest how these adducts can interfere with cell replication. (5 marks)






a) The reason why the cell will die is because the DNA has been denatured. In today's lesson, we learned that there can be many possible ways of DNA denaturing. Firstly, it could be due to a foreign molecule attaching to the bases, and not allowing the DNA polymerase or helicase to pass through the DNA for transcription or for replication. Secondly, it could be that there is a cross link, which causes pyrimidine dimers to occur. These cross link can be caused by the UV rays emitting photons to the DNA. When this occurs, the sugar-phosphate backbone will also get distorted too. In this case, it is able to repair when the photolyase are able to remove the pyrimidine dimers. Thirdly, it will cause the sugar-phosphate backbone to break. In this case, the DNA ligase IV is able to join the sugar-phosphate backbone back. Forthly, it is the Base mismatch. The DNA glycosylase can recognize the mismatch base site and remove its base. Then, the endonuclease removes neighboring nucleotides, and the gap is filled by DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase.
The death of the cells could be due to the fact that the cell do not have enough immunity. Like for example maybe it does not have enough of the repairing mechanism. Like for example, in the problem statement, we could see that the one with a lack of DNA ligase IV cannot survive very long. Therefore, it does not have the ability to do faster repairing. Also, the damage rate is more than the repair rate, therefore, the rate of survival will keep dropping.
b) In cell replication, helicase will firstly go through the DNA, and it will split the double strand into a single strand, and therefore it will start reading a single strand coding, and therefore it will then replicate mRNA. In order to replicate mRNA, the helicase needs to go though the DNA, and with the molecule obstructing the pathway, the helicase might not be able to split the double strand.
Also, in the replication process, where the DNA will replicate from a single strand to a double strand by the DNA polymerase III. The DNA Polymerase III will not be able to read the complete sequence of the DNA, and with the molecule obstructing the reading, it will not be able to go on to complete the full strand coding, therefore the DNA sequence will not be complete.

MHC

a) In the MHC Class I, the antigenic proteins which enters the Antigen Presenting Cell will firstly undergo degradation by a protein called protease. After degrading, it will be transported by TAP, and then the antigenic peptide will be loaded onto the Class I MHC Molecule. The MHC then move to the cell surface and display the antigenic peptide. The T killer cell bind onto the MHC molecule, and the killer T cell will then be activated, and then it will be able to kill the infectious foreign particles directly.

b) In the MHC Class II, when the antigens enter the Antigen Presenting Cell, phagosomes are formed, and the phagosomes containing the antigens are merged with the lysosome. Then, the MHC class II molecules migrate into the phagolysosome where the antigen is being degraded, and the invariant chain is removed for peptide binding. The Class II MHC molecule then moves to the cell surface, and present the antigenic peptide to the helper T-cell, and it will help to activate immune cells to fight against the foreign infectious particles.

DNA Folding (School revision)

1) Firstly, the long strand double helix DNA coil a few rounds around the octomer histones. The octomer histones are positively charged.

2) In order to stabilise the DNA being uncoiled from the octomer histone, another protein called the H1 histone will attached onto the DNA and the octomer like a scotch tape, to stabilise it. The ending product is called nucleosome.

3) DNA continued to form more and more nucleosomes. After that, these nucleosomes in a long chain will coil itself like a spring shape. It will then be known as solenoid.

4) The solenoid then attach to another protein called scaffold to form loops. That is called the loop solenoid.

5) It then made up into chromosomes.

(WARNING: Information may be incorrect. If there are any incorrect information, or anything more to add, please give comments. )

DNA Replication (MCB school revision)

Okazaki fragment - short fragment of DNA.

Helicase - separates the double strand.

Single-strand binding protein – prevents single strand coiling back to original shape.

DNA Polymerase synthesize only 5’ to 3’.

5’ to 3’ (direction of DNA polymerase) = Leading strand (3’ to 5’ old strand, 5’ to 3’ new strand, direction towards helicase)

5’ to 3’ (direction of DNA polymerase) = Lagging strand (5’ to 3’ old strand, 3’ to 5’ new strand, direction away from helicase)

Leading strand –

1) RNA Primase - attach a RNA Primer onto the strand
2) DNA Polymerase 3 - adds deoxyribonucleotides to synthesize the new complementary strands of DNA.

Lagging Strand –

1) RNA Primase – attaches a RNA Primer
2) DNA Polymerase III - adds deoxyribonucleotides
3) DNA Polymerase I – removes the RNA and replace it with DNA
4) DNA ligase – Forms phosphodiester bonds

Molecular and Cell Biology (School revision) - Transcription and translation

In order to undergo the central dogma, the DNA has to undergo transcription and translation.

In transcription, the RNA Polymerase splits the double strand into a single strand. The RNA Polymerase will then bring the nucleotides, and then the nucleotides will firstly find the start codon. After finding the start codon, the RNA Polymerase will then begin to bind the nucleotides to form a single strand. As the RNA Polymerase moves along to form a longer RNA strand, the front part of the mRNA will detached from the single strand, and after the RNA Polymerase reaches the stop codon, the mRNA strand will be formed.

The mRNA strand will then move out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and then translation will occur.

For translation, firstly, the ribosome will bind onto the mRNA strand, and then it will also find the start codon. After it found the start codon AUG, it will then start to read.

As it moves along, the tRNA with the anti-codon on the other side will then bind onto the codon. On the other end, it has the amino acid. As the ribosome moves along, there will be more tRNA binding onto the codon.

As the ribosome moves along, the tRNA on the front part will started to detached with the mRNA strand, and leaving behind the amino acid. The ribosome will also help to form the peptite bond of the amino acid.

After the ribosome reaches the end codon, the amino acid will then be formed.

In order to form protein, there will be more amino acids formed, which will then made up proteins.

Immunology - Complement System C1 to C9

In Complement System, there are different types of proteins in the complement system. These proteins are named from C1 to C9.

Firstly, the antibody will bind onto the infectious particle. After that, C1 will attached onto the antibody.

After attaching onto the antibody, C1 will then be activated, and then it will split to form C2a and C4b fragments.

When these 2 fragments joined together, it will then form the C3 convertase.

C3 convertase is able to cleave C3 into C3a and C3b.

C3a is able to cleave C5 into C5a and C5b.

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 are able to attach itself onto the infectious cell membrane, and therefore opening a hole on the membrane, and allowing the infectious cell content to lysate, and it leads to self-destruct. This process is known as MAC, which is known as Membrane Attacking Complex.

C3b is able to attach itself to the infectious cell, and therefore it will help in opsonisation, and it will then undergo phagocytosis.

Clonal Selection (School Revision) Immunology

Clonal Selection is the process of forming new antibodies. When there is a new antigen(foreign infectious particles) invading our body, it will trigger the immune system. The T-cell will then activate the B-cell. After the B-cells are being activated, it will start to undergo a few cell divisions. After going through many cell divisions, it will form many memory cells and plasma cells.

The functions of the memory cell is to store the information of the specific antibody that has the immunity against the new antigens. If there are memory cells, the immune system will then be able to produce the specific antibody that has immunity to the new antigens.

The functions of the plasma cells is to produce antibodies to fight against the new foreign antigens.

After we recovered from the disease, the memory cell still remains in our body. Therefore if we infected the same disease again, we still have the memory cell which are present in our body, therefore, the plasma cell will produce the same antibody to fight against the disease. Therefore we can have immunity on the second time we infected the same disease.

School is going to reopen soon :(

School is going to reopen on monday. I do not know how will my classmates going to be like. I do not even know which class I am in. It is not fair! Every other friends already know which class they are in, but for me, they did not upload on the net for me to check.

I feel so scared what my new class will be like. I do not want to have a class like last year, where there are people I really hate, and there are people bullying me, as well us few others.

Seriously, I really hate school. I just hope school can quickly end soon.

Although there are still another one and a half year left, but it really feels longer than it seems. Oh god! Please let time pass faster! :(

Last day of School

I have not been writing my blog for a very very long time. I am very sorry about that. I know you all have been missing me. After a long time for not writing blog, surely everyone would have stop visiting my blog because I have not been making posts for too long.

Today is August 18 2009. Today is our last day of school. I am a little happy, and a little sad too.

I am happy because I really hate my current school. I am more than happy to be able to have holidays.

But I am sad too because my current classmates are really nice people compared to my previous classes. In previous classes I do not feel really sad being separated, but I felt this way in this class.

I have never ever had such a wonderful classmates like this class. In the previous class, there are a lot of gangsters who always pick on me, as well as other classmates.

Although I am still as quiet as usual, but in this class my classmates are very nice.

I really hope that I can have a class like this, and I also hope that there can be more girls in my next semester class.

Michael Jackson - King of Pop Memorial

I have not written my blog for quite a long time. The reason is because I am quite busy recently.

Few days ago, there is a shocking news. The king of pop Michael Jackson has died. When I first hear this, I feel very sad. The reason is because I like Michael Jackson, and I feel that he is a natural talent in dance and music.

He has contributed a lot towards music and pop. Dance moves like moonwalk is one of his famous moves, and even now people all learned his moves.

Although he died at 50, but what he had contributed to this world is more than what others can achieve in their entire life. He has really contributed a lot to this world. He has also done a lot of charity work.

His contributions shall be remembered forever in everyone's mind, and everyone will remember him and his contributions to this world.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACPsfcsg4ZE - Michael Jackson - Bad (MTV)

Mona Lisa